Saturday, January 25, 2020

Event-Driven Programming Features

Event-Driven Programming Features Event-driven programming known as a computer programming paradigm that used the occurrence of events to determine the control flow of the program. This type of application is designed to detect events as they occur, and use an appropriate event-handling procedure to deal with it, which normally use a callback function or method. Theoretically, event-driven style of programming is supported in all programming languages, but they may different in the way of implement it, for example, its easier to implement in languages that provide high-level abstractions, such as closures. Besides, for other programming environments such as Adobe Flash, they are specifically tailored for triggering program code by events. Generally, there is a main loop in an event-driven application that used to listen for events and triggers a callback function when there are events is detected. Key features and characteristics of event-driven programming Service Oriented Service oriented is a key features in event-driven programming that used to write programs that are made for services and it takes does not slow down the computer as service oriented only consume little of the computer processing power and usually services run in the background of OS. Time Driven In event driven programming, time driven is a paradigm, its a code that runs on a time trigger, time driven can be a specific code that runs on a specific time, which could be once an hour, once a week or once a month, this means its a pre-set to do task. For example, windows update is the example of time driven, which user can set when to update or when to check and download the update. Event Handlers Event handlers is a type of function or method that run a specific action when a specific event is triggered. For example, it could be a button that when user click it, it will display a message, and it will close the message when user click the button again, this is an event handler. Trigger Functions Trigger functions in event-driven programming are a functions that decide what code to run when there are a specific event occurs, which are used to select which event handler to use for the event when there is specific event occurred. Events Events include mouse, keyboard and user interface, which events need to be triggered in the program in order to happen, that mean user have to interacts with an object in the program, for example, click a button by a mouse, use keyboard to select a button and etc. Simplicity of Programming and Ease of Development Event-driven programming is simple and easier to program compared to other type of programming as its very visual, for example you can place a button by just select it and place it onto a form and write a code for it. Event-driven programming also easy for user to insert a pre-written code scripts into an existing application because it allows user to pause the code while its running. Which make developing using event-driven programming is easy. Compare Event Driven Programming with Object-oriented Programming (OOP) As mentioned above, event-driven programming known as a computer programming paradigm that used the occurrence of events to determine the control flow of the program, while objects-oriented programming (OOP) treats datafields as objects manipulated through pre-defined methods only and it constructed over four major principles, which are Encapsulation, Data Abstraction, Polymorphism and Inheritance. JavaScript, ActionScript, Visual Basic and Elm are the example for event-driven programming, while C++, C#, Java, Python, Ruby and Scala are the examples for object-oriented programming. In event-driven programming, a program is executed when they detected an event occur, for example, use mouse to click a button to show a message. Besides, in object-oriented programming, emphasis is given to data and classes are the main part of OOP, which mean classes are the blueprints of object and keep the data secure in the classes, only methods of particular classes are allowed to view the data. The classes are also different between event-driven programming and object oriented programming. In OOP, classes can be created by own while in event-driven programming user must use the defined classes. Object-oriented programming and event-driven programming may use together, which mentioned above that event-driven programming are support in all programming language, its just the way of implement it may different. References What is event-driven programming? (2017). Retrieved January 17, 2017, from http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/event-driven-prog.htm 1010, zakkcuthbert. (2014, November 7). Key features of event driven programs. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from https://zakkcuthbertunit14eventdrivenprogramming.wordpress.com/2014/11/07/key-features-of-event-driven-programs/ Event-driven programming (2017). . In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programming#Common_uses Comparison of programming paradigms (2017). . In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_paradigms Studytonight. (2016). Object oriented programming concepts in C++. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from http://www.studytonight.com/cpp/cpp-and-oops-concepts.php

Friday, January 17, 2020

Test Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Each team takes it in turn to bat, attempting to score runs, while the other team fields. Each turn is known as an innings. The bowler delivers the ball to the batsman who attempts to hit the ball with his bat far enough for him to run to the other end of the pitch and score a run. Each batsman continues batting until he is out. The batting team continues batting until ten batsmen are out, at which point the teams switch roles and the fielding team comes in to bat.In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side toTest cricket played over five days. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club(MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals. [1]Cricket was first played in southern Engla nd in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England.The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the game's governing body, has 10 full members. [2]The game is most popular in Australasia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. History Main article: History of cricketEarly cricket was at some time or another described as â€Å"a club striking a ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball†. [3] Cricket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England.Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1301[4] and there has been speculation, but no evidence, that this was a form of cricket. A number of other words have been suggested as sou rces for the term â€Å"cricket†. In the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598,[5] it is called creckett. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch[6] krick(-e), meaning a stick(crook); or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff. [7] In Old French, the word criquetseems to have meant a kind of club or stick. [8] InSamuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from â€Å"cryce, Saxon, a stick†. [9] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with twostumps used in early cricket.According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, â€Å"cricket† derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i. e. , â€Å"with the stic k chase†). [11] Dr Gillmeister believes that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin. [12]The first English touring team on board ship atLiverpool in 1859The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence anywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that â€Å"creckett† was played on common land inGuildford, Surrey, around 1550.The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, equating to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner,John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar at the â€Å"Free School at Guildford†, fifty years earlier, â€Å"hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play [on the common land] at creckett and other plaies. â€Å"[13][14] It is believed that it was originally a children's game but references around 1610[14]indicate that adults had started playing it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village c ricketoccurs soon afterwards.In 1624, a player calledJasper Vinall was killed when he was struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex. [15]During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in the south-east of England. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is believed that the first professionals appeared in the years following the Restoration in 1660. A newspaper report survives of â€Å"a great cricket match† with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance.The game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport of England. Betting played a major part in that development with rich patrons forming their own â€Å"select XIs†. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artill ery Ground in Finsbury. The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match. Bowling evolved around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman.This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old â€Å"hockey stick† shape. TheHambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the next 20 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket.New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw). Don Bradman of Australia had a Test average of 99. 94 and an overall first-class average of 95. 14, records unmatched by any other player. [16]The 19th century saw underarm b owling replaced by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments were controversial. Organisation of the game at county level led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex CCC in 1839, which ultimately formed the official County Championship in 1890.Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in India, North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 1844, the first international cricket match took place between theUnited States and Canada (although neither has ever been ranked as a Test-playing nation). Sachin Tendulkar of Indiawas rated by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 2002 as the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Don Bradman.In 1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America). The first Australian team to tour overseas was a team ofAboriginal stockmen who travelled to Eng land in 1868 to play matches against county teams. [17] In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia and in 1876–77, an England team took part in the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia. W. G. Grace started his long career in 1865; his career is often said to have revolutionised the sport.The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882 and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest[citation needed]. Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England. The last two decades before the First World War have been called the â€Å"Golden Age of cricket†. It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and Test level developed.The inter-war years were dominated by one player: Australia's Don Bradman, statisticall y the greatest batsman of all time. It was the determination of the England team to overcome his skill that brought about the infamous Bodyline series in 1932–33, particularly from the accurate short-pitched bowling of Harold Larwood. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies, India, and New Zealand before the Second World War and then Pakistan, Sri Lanka, andBangladesh in the post-war period.However, South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 because of its government's apartheidpolicy. Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971. The governing International Cricket Council(ICC) saw its potential and staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new li mited overs form, Twenty20, has made an immediate impact.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

The Ethics Of Stem Cell Research - 1910 Words

The problem facing today, is that the human community fear the unknown, there are boundaries to everything in life. That you can not play god, because society frowns upon that. Years of stem cell research are the pinnacle of ethical issues, as to why is this being practiced. Lives matter and the time for change is here. The controversy starts with the first type of stem cells, which are Embryonic stem cells these cells come from an embryo. An embryo is a developing fetus, this brings issue due to Pro life supporters. It is a issue with morality, if it is correct to manipulate a living thing that can not fight for it’s life. The thing that this will explain is as to why the research does not take life, but preserve the the lives that are existent now. The frontier is near the face of people, the fear is that humanity does not know if it’s ready to explain what will happen with the advancement of the research. The way to counter argue that the research the â€Å"kills or destroys† the fetus is that the research benefits the the whole human community. Also the research does not idealize the death of a human. It represents the idea that this research is made for medical use. Furthermore the paper establishes as to defend stem cell research, as the difference of a human and an embryo are explained extensively. Embryonic stem cells and its research have controversial in the U.S since the late 1990’s, when the first embryonic cell was created in a lab. The divide in controversy was notShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research in Ethics999 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research in Ethics We are entering a brave new world where one can grow a heart in a petri plate then go on to surgically putting it into a real living boy who desperately needs it. This sounds like a tale of fiction. 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Though stem cell rese arch has astonishing potential to save many lives dueRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1365 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Stem cells also act as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005).Read MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1643 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Thomas Philosophy 3520 Bioethics The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Science fiction has tried to encapsulate social responses that could arise with the development of genetically altered or â€Å"enhanced† human beings. 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This case doesn’t specifically address st em cells, but it openedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research2651 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research: How the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Changed Them Few areas in science are surrounded by as much controversy as the area of stem cell research. Some scientists and doctors see it as a way to return their patients to wellness, while others claim it’s taking a life. Recent break-throughs in science and medicine may yield a safer alternative to the use of stem cells from embryos. Embryonic stem cell research should not be allowed, because it is unethical to takeRead More The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pages While some people might say that stem cell research is immoral and unethical, others believe that it is a magical solution for almost any problem, thus leading to a very controversial issue. Scientists have been searching for years for ways to eradicate incurable diseases and perform other medical procedures that yesterdays technology would not fix. With the rapidly arising, positive research on stem cell technology, the potential that exists to restore any deficiency is in the same way, like lyRead MoreThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Embryonic stem cell research can be easily defined. A stem is defined as something that is developed from. A cell is defined as a microscopic living organism. According to Dennis Hollinger, Embryonic stem cell research uses from the embryos inner cell mass that give rise to each of the human bodys many different tissue types(1). In our modern day society, stem cell research has become a controversial topic. Several people strongly oppose the idea of the research, but many are struggling forRead MoreThe Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research1990 Words   |  8 Pages The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the past 40 years. In most cases the topicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1520 Words   |  7 PagesGulyas American Government 16 December 2014 The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research In the 21st century, disease is rampant and for most diseases, we have no cure because we haven t researched them long enough to find a specialized cure. One option that we have is human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research. HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseases

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Perception Of Unconscious Bias - 1677 Words

Everyone is aware of their particular preferences or being in favor, or against particular individuals, foods, color, etc this would be considered to be having a bias. Kahn (2015) defines bias, as a preference for or leaning towards something based on one’s values, beliefs, or experiences (Kahn, 2015). On the other hand, unconscious bias is out of our conscious awareness. Bellack (2015), defines unconscious bias as, â€Å"operating as hidden blind spots, ones that are difficult to see and of which we are unaware yet influence our beliefs about and behavior towards others (Bellack, 2015, p. S63). Therefore, whether everyone wants to accept it or not, everyone has biases and unconscious biases, the question is, how do individuals become aware of†¦show more content†¦S64). Second, perhaps those close to us can bring things into our conscious perspective of what we may in fact not see. As Raymond (2013) mentions, â€Å"it is easier to detect bias in others than ourselv es, so we need to help each other without judgment† (Raymond, 2013, p. 34). Biases can be manifested in many ways and therefore, influence the decisions made in our day to day activities that involve work, home, and personal life. In the workplace, it may start with something as simple as in the organizational level, during the hiring and interviewing process, there may be a preference for a male in his mid 30’s to late 40’s for a supervisory position. Therefore, if the interviewing team enter the interview with this bias or mentality, then it is useless to interview women, who are under their 30’s as they do not meet the criteria. What is often not considered, is that individuals that are of the opposite sex or age group can contribute in their own manner to the workforce. Raymond (2013) mentions, â€Å"70% of men and women across 34 countries view science as more male than female† (Raymond, 2013, p. 33). Often times, this leads for individuals to be underestimated. Jennifer Raymond is an Associate Professor of neurobiology at St anford and is surprised via the IAT that she has a bias against women in science (Raymond, 2013, p. 33). This bias can be inferential that women may be fragile and not strong enough to take on such position, and can be something ingrained from a young